UNIT 8: AnimalsThe Loss of Biodiversity

tamarin.jpg

Emperor tamarins are omnivores that eat fruits, insects, flowers and nectar. As seed dispersers for a variety of plant species, these primates are important to the health of the tropical rain forest ecosystems in which they live.

Extinction is occurring at a rate that is 1000 times faster than any time in the past 100,000 years. Wide swathes of rain forest are being destroyed as humans develop the land for agriculture and other human needs. Because rain forests are areas with high biodiversity, each time an acre of land is lost, species that once lived there may be lost as well. Why is biodiversity important? How does its loss affect you?

Biodiversity at Risk

At present, we are losing more species than we are finding. Across the globe, animal species that are known to be threatened with extinction include

  • 12 percent of all birds
  • 30 percent of all fishes
  • 24 percent of all mammals
  • 20 percent of all amphibians

Biologists think that there are least 10 million, and possibly as many as 100 million, species of plants and animals. At current rates of extinction, over half of these species will be gone by the end of this century. Extinction is a natural process and is always occurring. Using evidence from the fossil record, the background extinction rate is calculated to be between 10 and 100 species per year. However, the current rate of extinction greatly exceeds that number. Hundreds of thousands of species will disappear before we are even aware of their existence.

Does Biodiversity Really Matter?

Some people might suggest that biodiversity belongs in a zoo and the rest of the world belongs to humans to develop. Arguments in favor of development include the following:

  • The rise and fall of species is part of nature. No species lives forever. New species replace old ones.
  • Economic development provides jobs to people who are living in poverty.
  • Land set aside as wilderness could be better used as farmland to provide more food for a rapidly increasing human population.

Conservation biologists view the pro-development arguments as shortsighted. Their view is that the Earth must be maintained for future generations, not simply harvested to provide for the needs of its current population. In fact, they argue that biodiversity plays an important part in ecosystem stability.

The Value of Biodiversity

Ecosystems provide human communities with a number of services free of charge, including air and water purification, flood and drought control, pollination of crops and other vegetation, dispersal of seeds, and nutrient cycling. These services have an economic value. If it were possible for humans to pay for ecosystem services based on their market value, biologists estimate that the cost would be approximately $33 trillion annually.

In general, the more species that live in an ecosystem, the more efficient and stable that ecosystem will be. For example, a rain forest can produce much more oxygen than an orchard full of apple trees. Also, many plants, including 75 percent of the world’s staple crop plants, need animal pollinators such as birds and insects to help them reproduce.

In addition, 40 percent of all medicines are derived from plants, animals, and microbes. For example, biologists are developing a painkiller based on an extract from the skin of an Ecuadorian frog. The painkiller is 200 times stronger than morphine, but is not addictive. Every time a plant, animal, or microbe becomes extinct, biologists lose whatever knowledge they might have been able to gain by studying it.

Unanswered Questions

As you have learned, biodiversity is very valuable. Yet questions remain about how best to protect biodiversity. Two of these unanswered questions include

  • How can we slow down the current extinction rate?
  • Some of the areas with the highest amount of biodiversity are located in developing countries. How can biodiversity be preserved without harming the country’s economic growth?

UPDATES: Straight from the Headlines

Technology

beachCleanup.jpg

Clean-up crews use the Pseudomonas putida bacteria (inset) to decontaminate soil polluted by oil spills. (colored SEM: magnification 300x)

Bioremediation

Microorganisms can be used to clean up wastes that are spilled. Some bacteria can eat substances that would be fatal to humans and most other animals. Using microorganisms to clean up a polluted environment is called bioremediation.

  1. Toxic waste, such as crude oil, is spilled on soil or in water.
  2. The waste kills most bacteria, but a few survive and adapt.
  3. Surviving bacteria feed on the toxins that were spilled and break them down. They may change the toxin to another form that is not dangerous, break the compound into smaller parts, or completely degrade it into inorganic molecules such as carbon dioxide and water.
  4. Oxygen and nutrients are added so that more bacteria will survive to help break down the toxins.
  5. When the spill has been completely broken down, bacteria die because they have run out of food.

Sometimes the needed microbes do not naturally occur in the contaminated site. When this is the case, the clean-up crew adds the specialized microbes to the site to break down the toxins.

Careers

Conservation Biologist in Action

montoya.jpg

Angel Montoya

Title: Senior Field Biologist, The Peregrine Fund
Education M.S., Wildlife Science, New Mexico State University

In 1990 Angel Montoya was a student intern working at Laguna Atascosa National Wildlife Refuge in Texas. He became interested in the Aplomado falcon, a bird of prey that disappeared from the southwestern United States during the first half of the 20th century. Montoya decided to go looking for the raptors, and he found a previously unknown population of Aplomados in Chihuahua, Mexico. His work helped to make it possible for the falcons to be reintroduced to an area near El Paso, Texas.

Restoration of the Aplomado falcon became Montoya’s life work. He has monitored and researched the falcon since 1992. He helps release falcons that have been raised in captivity back into the wild, and monitors falcons that have already been released. It isn’t easy to keep tabs on a falcon, however. "Their first year they are pretty vulnerable because they haven’t had parents," Montoya says. "Just like juveniles, they’re always getting into trouble. But I think they will do just fine."

What Do You Think?

Comments

Comment from: jessie

August 4, 2009 07:34 AM [#]

The people who are cutting down trees need to stop. The animals live in those trees. Killing animals and trees is not helping biodiversity. I think people need to volunteer more to help the earth and biodiversity. :)

Comment from: wendy

August 4, 2009 12:59 PM [#]

we need biodiversity to study and understand the earth and how it works. To take things away too fast so the earth can not adapted will only hurt us in the long and short run. we could learn a lot by observing nature and protecting it. Nature seem to keep giving to us gifts and human just keep taking but it should be our turn to give back.

Comment from: LEO

August 26, 2009 03:39 AM [#]

As a environmental science student in southern luzon state university,,, our environment is our life ''kung wala ito wala tayong lahat.." [ed: without it we all . . . ] now so many issues that we need to phase and need our action... what are we waiting for?????????????

Comment from: anna

September 16, 2009 08:16 PM [#]

As a teacher and as a person, I always tell to my kids that it is our responsibility to take good care of our environment, BIODIVERSITY is our LIFE, without it, we are nothing.

Comment from: jajil

November 2, 2009 07:37 PM [#]

If we dont act fast to stop what we are doing to our planet it might as well be destroyed. We are destroying habitats creating unbelievable amounts of polution whitch is making even the most beautiful places look like garbage and we are useing a crazy amount of resources.By destroying habitats we decrease populations and eventualy even the most populated species we be depleaded. Basically we are just a bunch of killers.

Comment from: Marina

February 14, 2010 06:14 AM [#]

My 9 year old was asked to write an essay on the causes of biodiversity in Botswana. To him it was such a huge word to understand or even try to define. Thanks to this page he now understands everything there is to know about the word and his environment.

Comment from: jilllllllllll

March 1, 2010 08:02 AM [#]

:) mad awesome

Comment from: Ms A

March 8, 2010 06:19 PM [#]

The loss of biodiversity could mean loss of possible medicines.

Comment from: d-mac

March 9, 2010 08:20 PM [#]

without biodiversity the human race is basically done for.

Comment from: Patricia

April 24, 2010 10:03 PM [#]

We are the cause of these problems, we need to correct and perhaps even reverse our damage. I am tired of hearing people say that it is a hopeless pursuit and what can I do? I am only one person. Biodiversity is essential...we need to preserve ALL of it...ecosystems are being destroyed by those whose only interest is the "all mighty dollar". As an Environmental Science Major currently in college at age 45..my goal is to make a real positive change in preservation and conservation,and to find the elusive BALANCE between man and nature! What we take..we need to give back, or not take it at all. Earth was created for all living creatures, not just for the sake of man. I was really hurt and upset when on April 22...only 1 out of 17 people I spoke to on campus even realized it was Earth Day...and that one person had not made any effort to do something helpful for nature...something as simple as picking up a pc. of litter, anything. Yes, one person can make a difference, if there are enough "one persons" that make a conscious continual change, biodiversity could recover and prosper again.

Comment from: deepika-dindigul

April 25, 2010 04:50 AM [#]

being a soul living in this peaceful environment, its our duty to save our mother nature from hazardous evils,and these evils not only threatens human life but also the holiness of our earth

Comment from: Robin

September 1, 2010 01:07 PM [#]

I believe as people we are not any more important than the other creatures on this planet. We need to be able to share this world with the other animals.

Comment from: Ryon

September 4, 2010 06:36 AM [#]

It doesn't take a rocket scientist to know that we are killing ourselves and our future generations if WE ALL do not stop and start doing all that we can to preserve nature. To continue to allow many species of plants and animals to die for monetary gain is RIDICULOU! As the old saying goes, when you die, you can't take your monwy with you! So whats the point in having money if you are not here to enjoy it?!Help maintain biodiversity so that we all have a future to look forward to!!!!!!

Comment from: deepika

September 6, 2010 08:17 AM [#]

this is very sad...

Comment from: Kelsie

September 30, 2010 12:39 PM [#]

I think that its horrible that all these animals are becoming extinct. We are the main cause of this and we need to make it stop. Animals are just as important as we are. It would probably be a good idea if we started maintaining biodiversity, otherwise none of us will have a future.

Comment from: megan

September 30, 2010 12:41 PM [#]

we NEED biodiversity!!!! with out we are done

Comment from: Makenzie

September 30, 2010 12:50 PM [#]

Humans are selfish we need to take better care of our surroundings. These surroundings include animals. So what if we have slower short-term economical growth? We need biodiversity to survive!

Comment from: Kent

September 30, 2010 12:50 PM [#]

I think that the animals should be protected more and we should stop destroying so many ecosystems. Humans have caused the extinction of hundreds of thousands of animals and it all needs to stop today. Biodiversity is very important and we can't afford to lose it

Comment from: alex

September 30, 2010 12:59 PM [#]

people should volunteer more at protecting the bioveristy

Comment from: Victoria

September 30, 2010 01:00 PM [#]

The fact that humans are the main cause of the drastic rise in the extinction rate is sickening. It's sad to think that some of the animals we see today may not even be around when our children are alive!

Comment from: Anna

October 1, 2010 07:05 AM [#]

I believe that if we had more volunteer workers or even people that would recycle we could help the biodiversity. If we work together we could over power the people that want to cut down trees that have animals in the trees because the trees are their homes. It sickens me to know we kill animals and trees to use the resources for ourselves and we don't even appreciate that tress give us paper and that killing trees kills the little animals that live inside.

Comment from: amber

October 1, 2010 12:39 PM [#]

I think we should do something to stop it because were hurting the lives of the animals living in those trees.

Comment from: Spencer

October 1, 2010 12:43 PM [#]

we need biodiversity it is use and our job to protect it we need to act and protect wat is left

Comment from: Isaiah

October 1, 2010 12:43 PM [#]

The people that are cutting down trees need to stop because they are destroying the animals habitat and then they will have no where to live. Its sad to think that some of the animals we see today may not even be around when our kids are alive. People should volunteer more at protecting the biodiversity. Without biodiversity the human race is basically done for. We need biodiversity without we are done for.

Comment from: Mr. Banks

October 1, 2010 12:55 PM [#]

i think its pretty stupid that our government knows that we destroy the amazing, exotic, and wonderful creatures every time we plow down an acre of rain forest.

Comment from: Brieann

October 2, 2010 07:49 AM [#]

Even though cutting down the rain forest for human needs is probably helping not only me and my family but the rest of the world, I still think that it's wrong for someone to destroy an animals natural habitat like that. We need animals and it seems like at this rate we won't have any left! I mean I can understand biomedriation because that is an important factor to help the ocean to become oil free, but the humans who are cutting down the rainforest are selfish and need to stop.

Comment from: Jamie

October 22, 2010 08:54 AM [#]

Biodiversity is so vital to the Earth. While it remains true that no species lasts forever, humans are responsible for most of the exticntion of orginisms on Earth, and must stop it.

Comment from: Dakota

March 31, 2011 01:01 PM [#]

This is are life at stake if all the things that are protecting our environment we are killing off and when all of that is gone we will slowly die...

Comment from: Prof. Latend

April 6, 2011 08:37 AM [#]

Save the tamarins!

Comment from: sumadhur

April 24, 2011 04:59 AM [#]

we r responsible for destroyin our biodiversity

Comment from: Empress

August 25, 2011 03:55 AM [#]

It's sad how we dont stop and think about the poor helpless animals that are out here, knowing that if we were those animals...that we wouldnt like that !

Comment from: Double-J

August 30, 2011 08:42 PM [#]

Man, killing the trees,animals, and the habitats and stuff isn't a choice of helping da environment

Comment from: joshua

September 1, 2011 08:06 PM [#]

Its selfish yet thoughtful how we destroy forests for humans which is somewhat great for us but we dont think about the animals amd inhbitants of the forest? Plus imagine what it will be like for our children to not know what a polar bear is. We will be talking half of the planets animals like we talk of the dinosuars.

Comment from: monica

September 2, 2011 02:13 PM [#]

i think that everyone should stop cutting down the rain forest no matter how it effects the humans. their are so many of us but so little population if wild animals and plants.

Comment from: ADB

September 5, 2011 03:52 PM [#]

I think thst people should always think about the bad that comes from them doing things to the environmant. If people wont preserve our rainforests, we should do everything thing we can to preserve biodiversity. :)

Comment from: Anonymous

September 7, 2011 07:30 PM [#]

its bad that we are killing trees and and animals.it makes worse that we know we are killing them and doing such little things to stop it or reduce the amount of animals and trees being killed.

Comment from: zizipho

September 28, 2011 05:28 AM [#]

biodiversity is much more important than people think. We have a beautiful continent and without biodiversity our planet is lost, I mean if we don't have rain forests we are going to run out of oxygen. So if one wants to die of suffocation then he/she can be against biodiversity. If it was not for this diversity we wouldn't know our origins as the primates

Comment from: Pseudonym

October 9, 2011 04:44 PM [#]

It's fantastic that almost everyone who commented here seems to be on the side of preserving biodiversity, but I have to wonder if they reached this decision after carefully weighing the pros and cons of nature v human progress. It's a very interesting dichotomy, and one that should be considered. Earth is beautiful; life is beautiful; but jumping to the defense of biodiversity simply because the article tells you to, or because butterflies are pretty, or simply because everyone else holds that opinion, is a very dangerous decision indeed.

Comment on This Article

Your comment needs to be approved by the BioZine moderator before it will appear on the article page. Thanks for waiting.